We investigate and control light–matter interactions at the nanoscale, harnessing advances in photonics and quantum optics. Our goal is to develop optical tools and experiments with unprecedented sensitivity and resolution to tackle challenges in chemistry, materials science, and quantum science. Condensed-phase nanomaterials, with their structural complexity and multi-timescale dynamics, can now be both probed and actively tailored by light. While each system presents unique questions, our spectroscopy- and nanophotonics-based approaches provide the means to reveal—and ultimately manipulate—the underlying dynamics.